The Fullness of Time

By Doug Schofield

 

Jesus’ Work and Ministry

When God instructed Abram to leave Ur of the Chaldees and go to a land that He would show him, there were some very important reasons behind that command.  To be sure, Abram didn’t understand why God had so instructed him; just as we often are unable to see the purpose in certain circumstances in our own lives; (“For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts,Isaiah 55:9).  It went far beyond the most obvious and certainly important purpose of removing Abram and his family from the pagan influences of his homeland.  The land that God would show to Abram was to be the Promised Land, and it was to have important significance in God’s great eternal plan for the redemption of mankind. 

 

The journey from Ur to Palestine was a very long and arduous journey.  Once there, God instructed Abraham to take another journey, this time to Mount Mariah, and there to make an offering of his son Isaac – the son of Promise!    It was on this spot that Solomon would later build the great temple, with its altar of sacrifice and the Holy of Holies.  In this manner God demonstrated the sacrifice that he would ultimately make of His only begotten(*) son.  This was the land where God intended to bring to fruition His plan to reconcile fallen mankind to Himself. 

 

He went to a considerable effort to bring the descendants of Abraham back out of Egypt into this land.  But why this land?  Because it was ideally suited to God’s purposes.  It was somewhat central to the populated world; with wonderful natural boundaries.  To the East and South there were great deserts, to the West the Mediterranean Sea and to the North, the mountains of Lebanon.  If the Children of Israel had fully obeyed God’s command to drive out and destroy ALL of the inhabitants of the land, they could have been secure from enemies, but, more importantly, they may have avoided pagan influences which continually tempted them away from God.

 

The location of the land was such that it was an important trade route between Europe, Asia Minor and Egypt.  Although there was considerable seafaring trade at the time, most of the world’s commodities were transported overland.  Word of the God of the Israelites spread to all parts of the world as a result of this busy corridor.  The Geography of the land provided a great diversity of natural resources, including gold, copper, tin, limestone and marble, plus many other commodities which enabled almost independent existence on the land, without having to rely on other nations for raw materials.  The climate was conducive to abundant crops of great variety, providing all needed foodstuffs.  Even though mankind violated God’s commandments repeatedly, and frequently was guilty of sin and rebellion, God’s divine purpose was not to be thwarted.  Numerous occasions of punishment were necessary to keep bringing the people back from their sin; yet, when they would turn to God, He would turn to them in loving providence and blessings. (Ezekiel 37:27; Zechariah 8:8).

 

God used the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Syrians, the Greeks the Romans and others over the course of the centuries to prepare for the “fullness of time”, (Galatians 4:4).  Rom 5:6, “For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly.”  The arrival of Jesus on the scene of humanity was not just by some random chance; it was predetermined and established by God with great detail and specificity.  In Genesis 49 as Jacob is telling his sons of things to come, in verse 10 he mentions the coming of Shiloh, (Christ), as though it would be a specific point in time.  Indeed, according to John 13:1, Jesus knew the very hour of His departure from this world; and in 17:1 in His prayer He states that the hour (generic reference to the entire time frame of his death) is come.

 

When that time came, there was relative peace, an adequately permissive political atmosphere, an almost universal language, (Greek). The Roman jurisprudence system was in place, (that system would serve an important role in the events leading up to the crucifixion of our Lord); and there were numerous good roads which would facilitate the rapid spread of the gospel in a few short years.

 

The obscure birth of a baby to a poor unknown couple in the stable of an inn in Bethlehem soon had an effect on the world that was literally earth shaking.  We know a few details about the infancy of Jesus: His birth in a stable, the visit by royalty later at His home in Nazareth, the decree of Herod, and the flight into Egypt, (all of these things fulfilling numerous prophecies).  We know that his boyhood home was Nazareth; of His trip to the temple in Jerusalem at the age of 12, (Luke 2:42); the fact that He attended worship services regularly, (Luke 4:16); that He was baptized by John in the River Jordan, (Matthew 3:13); that He was tempted of Satan, (Mark 1:13).  He called His disciples, (Matthew 4:18, 2; Mark 1:20; Luke 6:13);  He attended a wedding in Cana of Galilee and He began His earthly ministry preaching “Repent for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand”, (Matthew 3:2). 

 

One record that we have of His teaching which has come to be called “The Sermon on the Mount” is actually a compendium of all His teaching – indeed of God’s message to mankind throughout all the ages.  Matthew chapters 5, 6 & 7 contain essentially all of Christ’s teaching, except the plan of redemption.

 

When we speak of the ‘Gospel writers’ we of course refer to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.  Each of them gives his own account of the events without any reference to the other accounts, Each of them wrote an account of the good news (gospel) of the fulfillment of 4,000 years of promise, prophesy and preparation in the coming of the Son of God to earth; and of His life, death, burial, resurrection and ascension for the benefit of all who will obey Him. 

 

These men were guided by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, (John 16:13; 2 Timothy 3:16); yet they each brought their own personalities, background and context to the account they gave.  The validity of these texts has remained undisputed since their very first writing.  By the end of the 2nd century they were in universal circulation among congregations of the church all over the world; and they were being quoted and referenced by numerous writers of the day, including Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement, Origen and others. References to the gospel texts appear frequently in historical accounts of the era.  Pipias of Hierapolis is believed to have attempted to write a harmony of the gospel accounts perhaps as early as AD 100, (according to Moffatt in his Introduction to Lit. of New Testament, pg 187).

 

Ignatius who died between 98 and 117 AD makes frequent reference to the Apostles in his writings.  On his way to be martyred in the arena in Rome he wrote a number of letters to various churches, with specific references to the apostles, John in particular. 

 

Irenaeus, born between 115 and 125, describes himself sitting and listening to Polycarp tell about his experiences with the Apostle John “and others who had seen the Lord”.  Polycarp is said to have been appointed an elder by one of the apostles; he was martyred in 155 AD, having been a Christian for 86 years.  There are so many historical documents like this which verify the validity of the gospel accounts that even the most severe skeptics are at a loss to discredit them.

 


The Gospel Writers

Matthew 27:37; Mark 15:26; Luke 23:38 and John 19:19-21 each describe the sign which Pilate placed on the cross which said, “This is Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.” It was written in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, the three dominate nationalities of Palestine at the time.  This is notable in that it gives us a glimpse of the cosmopolitan population of Palestine – particularly Jerusalem – at the time.  (More than a dozen possible languages and dialects are mentioned in Acts 2:9-11).  Each of these dominate nationalities had its own culture and its own unique perspective of God.  Therefore it is interesting to note that the gospel accounts have been designed to enable understanding by all segments of the populace.  Matthew’s gospel appears to have been written primarily for the Hebrew nation, Mark’s for the Romans and Luke’s for the Greeks.  John’s is more general in nature, with strong appeal to all segments of society, with great emphasis on the deity of Christ. 

About the origins of the Gospels, Papias (who worked and wrote in the 1st half of the 2nd century) wrote this:

"Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instructions to the necessities [of his hearers], but with no intention of giving a regular narrative of the Lord's sayings. Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus writing some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictitious into the statements. Matthew put together the oracles [of the Lord] in the Hebrew language, and each one interpreted them as best he could." Thus Papias reports he heard things that came from an unwritten, oral tradition of the Presbyters, a "sayings" or logia tradition that had been passed from Jesus to such of the apostles and disciples as he mentions in the fragmentary quote.

 

As previously mentioned, we also have some of the work of Polycarp, who was a contemporary of the apostles, an elder in the infant church probably appointed by the apostle John; of Irenaeus, a student of Polycarp, of Ignatious and Eusebius and of certain others who devoted their lives to the work of the church.  Of course, these uninspired texts must never be considered as holding any authority, the Bible is the only source of authority in all matters of faith; they simply help us to realize and understand the great impact that the gospel of Christ has on people as it spread throughout the world, and to underscore the reality of the lives of the apostles and the validity of the scriptures.

 

When were the gospel accounts written?  Of course it doesn’t matter; the dating of authorship is completely immaterial to the gospel message, but a general understanding of the time frame can serve to reinforce our faith in the inspiration of the scriptures and in their absolute accuracy and infallibility.  The Catholics assert that Mark was written first (65 – 70); then Matthew and Luke (80’s), and finally John (90’s).  After some study, I disagree, here’s why:

 

Papias, the historian, suggests that Matthew was the first written, perhaps as early ad AD 50, and that could well have been the case.  He further states that it was first written in Aramaic or Hebrew intended to convert Jewish readers, and that later it was translated into Greek.  Some have suggested that Matthew wrote his gospel before leaving Palestine for the first time.  Irenaus and Ignatius both support this view, and all three quote frequently from Matthew.  Eusebius also supports (if not echos) this view.      Matthew – possibly as early as AD 50 but prior to AD 70.

 

 

Some scholars suggest that Mark could have written as early as AD 55; and if Mark wrote earlier and Matthew wrote later then Mark could well have been the first.  However, the statement of Iraneus that Mark wrote his gospel ‘after the death of Peter’, moves that marker up to at least AD 67.  Mark – between AD 67 and 70

 

Luke’s account, (and his record of the acts of the Apostles, Acts) must surely have been prior to AD 62, because he makes no mention of the death of James which occurred in AD 62, nor of Nero’s persecution of Christians, which occurred in AD 64.  Likewise, both Paul and Peter were still very much alive at the time of Luke’s writing; but according to tradition, Paul died in AD 64 and Peter in 65.  There is no question that the gospel of Luke was written before Acts.  In Acts Luke makes reference to Festus as Procurator; he was appointed to that position sometime between AD 55 and 59, (according to Harper’s Bible Commentary).     

Luke – perhaps as early as AD 58

 

The general consensus among historians is that John was written no earlier than the early 80’s and perhaps as late as the 90’s, or just before his death in AD 98.  His Revelation account falls after 94, probably around 95.  

 


 

Matthew

Mark 2:13 - 16  And he went forth again by the sea side; and all the multitude resorted unto him, and he taught them.   And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at the receipt of custom, and said unto him, Follow me. And he arose and followed him.    And it came to pass, that, as Jesus sat at meat in his house, many publicans and sinners sat also together with Jesus and his disciples: for there were many, and they followed him.   And when the scribes and Pharisees saw him eat with publicans and sinners, they said unto his disciples, How is it that he eateth and drinketh with publicans and sinners?

 

Luke 5:27  - 30 And after these things he went forth, and saw a publican, named Levi, sitting at the receipt of custom: and he said unto him, Follow me.    And he left all, rose up, and followed him.    And Levi made him a great feast in his own house: and there was a great company of publicans and of others that sat down with them.  But their scribes and Pharisees murmured against his disciples, saying, Why do ye eat and drink with publicans and sinners?

 

Matthew 9:9 - 11 And as Jesus passed forth from thence, he saw a man, named Matthew, (notice how that Matthew refers to himself by his new name, which in Hebrew means ‘Gift of Jehovah’),  sitting at the receipt of custom: and he saith unto him, Follow me. And he arose, and followed him.   And it came to pass, as Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many publicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his disciples.   And when the Pharisees saw it, they said unto his disciples, Why eateth your Master with publicans and sinners?

 

On this particular occasion Jesus was apparently residing at the home of Peter, (Mark 1:29), in Capernaum, located on the Western shore of the Sea of Galilee.  Jesus is frequently mentioned as walking along the seashore there.  It was on one of these walks that he saw Levi, a Jewish tax collector, sitting in the custom house.  Capernaum was a key location on the caravan routes traveling north and south through Palestine.  Luke tells us that Levi was a publican, the Hebrew word telones (tel-o-nance).  Strong defines it as one who collects taxes, tolls, and import/export duties.  Publicans were hated by the Jews, especially by the Pharisees, not only because of the very nature of their jobs, but also because they were working for the hated Romans to whom they were subjugated.  It seems to have been common practice that the Publicans would gouge the people, collecting more than was necessary in order to line their own pockets; that was actually a part of their deal with the Romans, it was how they were paid for their work.  Zacchaeus alluded to the practice in Luke 19:8.

 

That Jesus would call a Publican to be a follower of his, and further, that he would go into the home of such a one, and even more so that he would eat with him, was a major affront to the self-righteous Pharisees and Jewish leaders because of their special hatred for Publicans.  Jesus emphasized their hypocrisy in Luke 18:10 – 14. 

 

As a tax collector, Levi (or Matthew) was likely an educated man; his business necessitated detailed and accurate record keeping and knowledge of commerce.    His gospel record was evidently written to Jewish Christians, and no doubt with the aim of converting other Jews to Christ.  His account is abundant with quotations and references to Old Testament scriptures, (at least 93, according to Robertson’s Harmony of the Gospels).  He makes it clear that Christianity is not a repudiation of the Old Testament, but a fulfillment of its promises and prophecies, the culmination of 4,000 years of preparation by the providence of God.

 

Matthew, in his gospel, presents Jesus as the Son of David, establishing for the Jews that He was the Messiah, the promised one, in the lineage to sit on the throne of David.  He details our Lord’s genealogy through the ancestry of Joseph, thus establishing Jesus’ rightful claim to the throne of David through the royal bloodline and from a legal point of view, because Jesus was the legal heir of Joseph as his foster son.  In their worldly, materialistic minds however, the Jews expected Jesus to establish an earthly kingdom; most of them didn’t comprehend the spiritual nature of the Kingdom, just as many fail to do today.  (*) Jesus emphasized the fact that His kingdom is not of a worldly nature, (John 18:36; John 4:23-24).  John wrote in 1 John 2:15, “Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him.”

 

Matthew’s account is quoted perhaps more frequently by the early church fathers and historians in their writings that any other.  It may have been written as early as 15 to 20 years after the resurrection.  Matthew mentions the kingdom more than 35 times, and specifically identifies Jesus as ‘the son of David’ at least 9 times.  He mentions almost 2 dozen miracles, and makes it clear that the kingdom of Heaven is intended for all.

 

Mark

 

This writer is generally believed to have been John Mark, whose mother was named Mary, (Acts 12:12); and he was a cousin of Barnabas, (Colossians 4:10).  We are introduced first to Mark in Acts 12:12, where he was gathered with others who were concerned over the imprisonment of Peter by Herod Agrippa.  This is the same Agrippa who later expressed curiosity to hear Paul preach, (Acts chapter 25); and when upon later hearing him almost became a Christian (Acts 26:28). 

 

John Mark and his cousin Barnabas went with Paul on his first missionary journey, probably around AD 47, going as far as Perga in Pamphylia before Mark returned to Jerusalem, (Acts 13:13).  We aren’t told why he chose to return, Paul apparently didn’t know, sometimes we don’t understand decisions people make because we cannot see their perspective.  Later, we read of disagreement between Paul and Barnabas over this incident in Act 15:36 – 40, And some days after Paul said unto Barnabas, Let us go again and visit our brethren in every city where we have preached the word of the Lord, and see how they do.   And Barnabas determined to take with them John, whose surname was Mark.   But Paul thought not good to take him with them, who departed from them from Pamphylia, and went not with them to the work.   And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other: and so Barnabas took Mark, and sailed unto Cyprus;  And Paul chose Silas, and departed, being recommended by the brethren unto the grace of God.”

 

Clearly however, they were reconciled, because Paul mentions Mark favorably in Colossians 4:10, sends greetings to him in Philemon verse 24, and asks Timothy to bring Mark to visit him in prison, (2 Timothy 4:11).  We also find Mark with Peter, (1 Peter 5:13), and Peter’s reference to him seems to indicate that he was a dedicated and loyal servant of the Lord, though not one of the twelve. 

 

Mark’s gospel was intended primarily for a gentile audience; he includes explanations of Jewish tradition for their benefit, (Mark 7:2-4); he converts the Greek currency into Roman (12:42); and in 15:16 identifies the Preatorium as the judgment hall of Pilate.  Mark penned his gospel most probably after AD 67 but prior to AD 70.  This assumption is based on the writings of Irenaeus who stated that Mark “…after the death of Peter, wrote down this same gospel…”; (according to tradition, Peter’s death occurred in AD 67).  Tense and context of statements concerning the destruction of Jerusalem which occurred in AD 70 convince us that this gospel record was written before that event; thus the time frame of AD 67 – 70 seems relatively certain.  Mark presents Jesus as the very Son of the true and living God; establishing His deity and showing that God had come to earth to save mankind from sin.  While Matthew gives extensive records of Christ’s teaching, Mark details His work; and almost half of his gospel tells of the final days of our Lord and of his crucifixion.  The details Mark gives of certain events make it evident that he was an eyewitness to many of those things. 

 


Luke

 

Luke was a well educated Greek – a gentile; (remember that Alexander the Great had brought much Greek influence to bear in Palestine during and after his conquest, and many well educated members of Greek society had relocated to various regions of Palestine).  It is notable that Luke, (or that any gentile), would be so thoroughly knowledgeable of the Old Testament scriptures; he quotes from them some 30 times, and he was familiar with numerous events of the Old Testament, like the healing of Naaman and the miracle for the widow of Zarephath, (2 Kings 5 ;1 Kings 17).  {Of course remember, he was writing by inspiration}.

 

Luke was an early convert to Christianity; in Acts 16:8-10 the context appears that Luke was in Troas when Paul and Silas came there preaching the gospel.  In verse 9 Paul receives the night vision of what we refer to as ‘the Macedonian Call’, and in verse 10 Luke writes “…WE endeavored to go to Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them.” 

Luke was a personal observer of the miracles of healing performed by the apostles, and he very likely interviewed various individuals who had been healed by Jesus himself.  As a physician he was certainly a qualified observer.  Authenticity is also ascribed to Luke’s writings in that he is quoted by many early historians, including Justin Martyr, Clement, Tertullian and others.

 

Luke presents Jesus as the Savior of man from the perspective of the vast majority of the population of the world – gentiles.  Luke details for us the physical blood lineage of Christ through the ancestry of Mary.  Of course there was no actual blood connection with the lineage of Joseph, his ancestral roots are traced back to David by Matthew simply to establish Jesus’ rightful claim to David’s throne as Joseph’s legal heir.  Luke’s genealogy is actually the blood lineage of Mary and thus of Jesus; although as was customary, Mary’s husband’s name is inserted in the record where hers would be in modern parlance.  This demonstrates dramatically the importance of so many Old Testament events which contributed to His lineage.

 

Luke personally interviewed many who were eyewitnesses to our Lord’s ministry and to His trial, execution, burial and resurrection.  Luke had an opportunity to meet Peter and other apostles when he traveled to Jerusalem with Paul; he was a close friend, of Paul, and he was clearly well enough connected in political circles to have had access to Herod and Pilate.  In all this, Luke appears to have left all to serve Christ, traveling extensively with his beloved friend Paul.  As a physician, Luke’s testimony to the virgin birth of Jesus, and to the numerous miraculous healings and raising of the dead has special significance.  Luke also gives evidence of the humanity of Christ, recording facts of his birth and childhood, tracing his lineage all the day back to Adam, and depicting our Lord frequently in prayer, (a definite human trait).

 

John

 

John was probably the younger brother of James the “greater”, son of Zebedee, (Matthew 4:21-22, Mark 3:17).  These boys were nicknamed Boanerges, which in Hebrew means ‘sons of thunder’; this likely because of their highly emotional enthusiasm.  He was likely well educated, as may be observed from his literary skills in his gospel and three letters; notwithstanding the arrogant slur cast at him and Peter by the Jewish leaders in Acts 4:13.  (It is not uncommon for us to think of certain politicians today as idiots, even though they may hold several degrees).  The family business was apparently successful and prosperous; Mark 1:20 indicates that his father Zebedee owned his fishing ship and had employees.  Mark worked in the family fishing business on the Sea of Galilee until leaving all to follow Jesus.  He became a member of the inner circle; at least 5 times in his gospel he refers to himself as ‘the disciple whom Jesus loved’.  We observe his favored status in Mark 5:37 and Matthew 17:1 when he and Peter were chosen to accompany our Lord on the Mount of Transfiguration. 

 

In John 18:12-16 he gives the account of his having gone in with Jesus to the palace of the High Priest, (evidently he was acquainted with Chiapas or someone in authority in the palace); and followed all the way to the cross, (19:26).  Jesus entrusted the care of his mother to John, (evidence of the closeness of their relationship).  We don’t know many details about his work, yet his teaching is well recorded and documented.  He was persecuted for his teaching and imprisoned on the island of Patmos for a time, (Revelation 1:9).  There is a tradition which claims that John survived being thrown into a vat of boiling oil by the direction of Emperor Domition.  It is believed that after his exile on Patmos he returned to Ephesus where it is said that he died in AD 98. 

 

John emphasizes the eternal spiritual nature of Christ.  His Gospel record was probably written after the destruction of Jerusalem, maybe between AD 80 and 90.  Fragments of his gospel that have been found in Egypt have been dated around the end of the 1st century – thus placing their origin within that time frame.  This John is the same who penned the Revelation, and those who hold to the later dating of that writing, (as I do), place it around AD 95.

 

John emphasizes the deity of Christ, and presents many of His miracles, using them as signs of that fact.  His writing is profound yet sensitive and moving; his purpose is summed up in chapter 20, verses 30-31: "Many other signs therefore Jesus also performed in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these have been written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing you may have life in His name."  John was intimately familiar with the life and work of our Lord, and seemingly selected a few of the most outstanding examples to him in order to achieve his purpose.  The concluding verse of his gospel (21:25) lets us know that there was much more which could be told, “And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen.”

 

Wayne Jackson has listed some of the evidence presented by John to establish the divinity of Christ:

  • Jesus demonstrated His power over time by instantly changing water into wine (2:1-11).
  • He showed His control of space by healing the nobleman’s son from a distance of several miles away (4:46-54).
  • The Lord’s authority over infirmity was evinced by the cure of the man at the pool of Bethesda (5:1-18).
  • Christ was the master of matter in multiplication of the loaves and fish (6:1-14).
  • The Savior controlled the law of gravity by walking upon Galilee’s turbulent waves (6:16-21).
  • He reversed the effect of congenital blindness by restoring the vision of a sightless man (9:1-41).
  • And when Jesus called Lazarus from his tomb, He gave a preview of His power over death, to fully be revealed on the last day (11:1-44).
  • John’s Gospel concludes with the apostle’s eye-witness record of the resurrection events (20:1-29), and the miracle of fish-laden net (21:5,6).

 

 

A Brief history of the written word

By Doug Schofield

 

There exists evidence of written agricultural records dating from shortly after Noah and his family found dry land.  Marks made in soft clay with a wooden stylus were sufficient to keep records of crops and livestock and of business transactions.  By the time of Abraham, the Chinese were developing a written language, and a series of symbols which later would be called hieroglyphs emerged in Egypt.  These became increasingly sophisticated by the time of Joseph.  The earliest mention of writing in the Bible is in Exodus 17:14; it is God’s instruction to Moses to write in a book a record of the battle of Amalek.  (Hebrew writing seems to have been developed very early in history).  God wrote his commandments on tablets of stone. 

 

Exodus 31:18  “And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God.”

 

Exodus 34:1  And the LORD said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou didst break.”

 

Deuteronomy 10:1-5  “At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.    And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou didst break, and thou shalt put them in the ark.  And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand.  And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spoke unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me.  And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me.”

 

Comparatively, in Numbers 5:23 we find an account of writing being blotted out with water.  In Deuteronomy God gives instructions that a copy of his law be written in a book.  The Phoenician alphabet was being developed while the Israelites were doing battle with the Philistines under the leadership of Samuel.  It was from this that the Aramaic and Greek alphabets and systems of writing were developed and refined.  The Greeks were the first to write their texts in a left-to-right format.  While the prophet Joel was foretelling the birth of Christ the Latin system of writing was being developed. 

 

Earliest writing implements include wedge shaped stones, sharpened sticks, pieces of bone, bronze, and feather quills.  Various types of ink were tried, including soot mixed with lamp oil, juice of different berries, and dyes derived from various minerals.  By the time that Jáel, the wife of Heber drove the tent peg through the head of Sisera (Judges 4:17-21, around 1200 BC) the Chinese had perfected the formula for what we know today as India Ink.

 

Stones, animal skins and plant fibers have served as a writing medium for many thousands of years.  Among the first used was soft clay formed into tablets; impressions were made in the clay then the tablet was dried in an oven or in the sun.  Many thousands of such tablets from ancient Egypt have been found.  Cyrus King of Persia wrote his decree allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem on a clay cylinder. This artifact is mentioned in Ezra 6:2, and it may be seen today in the British Museum in London.  Isaiah is instructed to write on a scroll with a man’s pen, Isaiah 8:1.  Likewise we find scroll writing mentioned in Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Zechariah. The Egyptians developed the first fountain pens by carving a point on the end of a section of bamboo and filling the hollow with ink.

 

Papyrus is a wetland sedge, similar to bamboo and to cattail reeds.  Writing material was made by slicing the reed lengthwise and laying the pieces in a criss-cross pattern, moistening with water and some form of glue, and pressing them together. Typically pages were roughly 6 x 12, but some were made that were several feet in length.  The use of papyrus dates from before 2700 BC according to some sources.  John mentions paper and ink in verse 12 of his 2nd letter; but paper made from wood fibers was not invented until shortly after the death of the last apostle.  However, it wouldn’t come into widespread use for another 600 years because the Japanese guarded the secret of how to make it so carefully.  Leather made from all kinds of animal skins was processed into vellum upon which were written scrolls, many of which survive today.  Ezekiel was instructed to eat a scroll, (chapter 3).

 

By the end of the first century copies of New Testament writings were being bound together in a manner called codex to form the earliest version of books, as we know them today.  Once again, we see the providence of God at work as political conditions, education, travel and technology all came together for “the fullness of time”.

 

 

Travels of Jesus

 

The Bible is filled with details, like the names of countries, regions, cities and villages; the names of seas, lakes, rivers and streams; of mountains, hills, plains and valleys. Most of those places are identifiable today, and many of them have been excavated by archaeologists.  Jesus’ travels may be traced from His birth at Bethlehem in Judea, to Egypt and back to Nazareth in Galilee. His public ministry took Him to Capernaum, Samaria and Judea, to Tyre, Sidon and Caesarea-Philippi, and culminated in His suffering, death, burial, and resurrection in Jerusalem, and His ascension in Bethany.  All of those places associated with Jesus’ life and travels are real and are located just as described in the New Testament.

 

The gospel writers give much detail about His travels.  They place Him in:

 

Bethlehem - Matt. 2:1                                                  

Jerusalem - Luke 2:22

Egypt - Matt. 2:14                                                                   

Nazareth - Luke 2:39-40         

Jerusalem – Luke 2:41-50                                                       

Jordan River - Matt. 3:13        

The Wilderness - Matt. 3:1                                                      

Galilee - Matt. 4:12                 

Capernanum – Matthew 4:13                                                   

Cana - John 2:1                       

Judea - John 4:3                                                                      

Samaria - John 4:4                   

Sychar - John 4:5                                                                    

Nain - Luke 7:11                     

Capernaum - Matt. 4:13

Sea of Galilee - Matt. 4:18

The country of the Gadarenes - Matt. 8:28

Various cities and villages - Matt 9:35; Mark 6:6; Luke 13:22

Gennesaret - Matt. 14:34

District of Tyre and Sidon - Matt 15:21

Phoenicia – Mark 7:24-30

Decapolis – Matthew 15:29-39

Magdla - Matt. 15:39

Caesarea Philippi - Matt. 16:13.

Region of Judea beyond the Jordan - Matt. 19:1.

Bethany - John 12:1

Jericho - Mark 10:46

Mount of Olives - Luke 22:39

Gethsemane - Matt. 26:36

Golgotha - Matt. 27:33

Bethsaida - Luke 9:10

Bethany (Mt. Olivet) – Mark 16:19-20; Luke 24:50

 

 


Prophecies of Jesus Fulfilled

 

The gospel writers detail for us the fulfillment of all of the Old Testament prophecies, completing the picture, as it were, of God’s Great Eternal Plan.

With our studies in the Old Testament as a background, let’s examine some of the prophecies we find fulfilled in the New Testament.

 

Matthew gives us the Genealogy of Christ back to David, through Joseph – his foster father, (1:1-17); John gives a spiritual genealogy, (1:1-18); and Luke traces the bloodline all the way back to Adam through the lineage of Mary, (3:23-38).  The coming of Jesus was first promised in Genesis 3:15, and reiterated to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob; the gospel writers demonstrate the fulfillment of that promise.

 

►The birth of Jesus was foretold by:

          Isaiah 7:14; 9:6-7    ~ fulfilled in Matthew 1:24-25; Luke 2:1-7

 

►God’s declaration of Jesus as His Son was foretold by Psalms 2:7, and fulfilled in Matthew 3:13-17; Mark 1:9-11; Luke 3:21-23 and John 1:29-34.  These passages record the first formal declaration of Jesus as the Son of God on the occasion of his being baptized by John.  A similar declaration was made on the Mount of Transfiguration recorded in Matthew 17:5 and Mark 9:7; this being for the purpose of showing Jesus as the ultimate source of authority, superior to Moses and Elijah, designated by God to be the divine spokesman.

 

►God promised that redemption would come through the seed of woman, (Genesis 3:15).  Galatians 4:4 tells us that when the fullness of time was come God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law. See also Matthew 1:23; Luke 1:31, 33; and John 1:14.

 

►God gave Abraham the promise that all nations of the earth would be blessed in his lineage, (Genesis 12:3).  Matthew 1:1 states that Jesus was the son of Abraham.

 

►God made a similar promise to Isaac, (Genesis 17:19); Luke 3:34 states that Jesus was the son of Jacob, which was the son of Isaac, which was the son of Abraham…Also Matthew 1:2.

 

►Isaiah 9:7 prophesies that Jesus would be heir to the throne of David.  Luke 1:32, 33 is the fulfillment of that prophesy.

 

Micah 5:2 foretells that He would be born in Bethlehem.  Matthew 2:1; Luke 2:4-7; John 7:42.

 

►The time of Christ’s birth was foretold by Daniel, 9:25.  The accuracy timing is well established by Luke 2:1-2. Galatians 4:4.

 

►Isaiah specifically stated that He would be born of a virgin, (7:14). Doctor Luke declared the fulfillment of that fact in 1:26-27; also Matthew 1:18.

 

►The slaughter of young children was prophesied by Jeremiah in 31:15.  Details of the fulfillment are in Matthew 2:16-18.

 

►His ministry to be heralded by a forerunner is told is Malachi 3:1, and fulfilled in Matthew 3:1-3; Mark 1:4; Luke 7:24,27.

 

►Christ’s teaching in the region of Galilee was foretold by Isaiah 9:1,2; and is clearly seen in Matthew 4:13-16; also in Mark 1:21 and John 4;46.

 

►That He would be a prophet (teacher from God) is foretold in Deuteronomy 18:15, and fulfilled according to Luke in Acts 3:20, 22.

 

►That He would be rejected by his own people (the children of Israel, the Jews), is mentioned in Isaiah 53:3, and seen in John 1:11; 3:32.  In Luke 20:9-18 Jesus discussed this fact in a parable.  In Luke 23:18 is recorded the final deed of rejection.

 

►The psalmist wrote that He would be a priest after the order of Melchizedek, Psalms 110:4.  That fact is stated in Hebrews 5:5,6.  Note that Jesus makes reference to himself in the context of this Psalm in Matthew 22:43:45.

          Melchizedek first appears in Genesis 14:18, as Abram is returning from having rescued Lot from the battle of the Mesopotamian kings, who invaded the territory east of the Dead Sea, which included Sodom and Gomorrah.  The only other specific references to Melchizedek appear in Hebrews 5:6,10; 6:20; and chapter 7.  One of the key elements in the identity of Melchizedek is that he was both a king and a priest.  1 Timothy 6:15 and Revelation 17:14 and 19:16 teach us that Jesus is King of kings.  Hebrews 8:1 tells us that Jesus is also our high priest.  “After the order of Melchizedek…” means in similar fashion – appointed by God.  Hebrews 7:3 is not literal language, but figurative, indicating that Melchizedek’s priesthood was not based upon a genealogical precedent, (as was the Aaronic priesthood).  Jesus, like Melchizedek, was appointed to his priesthood by God, having nothing to do with the ancestral lineage of the tribe of Levi, (Hebrews 7:14).  “…having neither beginning of days nor end of life…” (7:3) does not imply that  Melchizedek is still alive somewhere today on earth; it indicates the eternal nature of the priesthood of Christ.  Melchizedek served as a priest of God under the Patriarchal dispensation, 500 years before the Levitical priesthood was established under the Law of Moses.  (The Patriarchal system of worship continued in effect for gentiles until the establishment of the church.  i.e. Cornelius would have worshiped under the Patriarchal system).

 

►Zechariah 9:9 tells of a very specific event in the life of Christ that is recorded by all four gospel writers: Matthew 21:7-11; Mark 11:7, 9, 11; Luke 19:29-40; and John 12:12-16.  This singular event should have been sufficient to alert the Jewish scholars and leaders that this was indeed the promised Messiah.  The event is Christ’s triumphant entry into Jerusalem on a Sunday before being crucified on the following weekend. 

The placing of garments and of palm fronds in the path was an ancient custom to demonstrate honor.  The fact that Jesus gave instructions concerning the obtaining of the donkey and her colt, and that those instructions played out in precise detail is notable in and of itself.  In Genesis 49 Jacob sets out to tell his sons of things that are to come, and in verse 11 makes specific reference to the tying of the colt, the foal of an ass.  That he chose to ride the last mile or so from the Mount of Olives through the gates of the walled city of Jerusalem is also significant.  He has just walked from Jericho, a distance of at least 14 miles, (farther by some routes).  This journey is not an easy one, because the elevation rises more than 3,000 feet from the Jordan valley to the heights of Jerusalem.  The particular beast chosen by our Lord is meaningful, in that it was customary for a king to ride through the streets of the city in peace time on a donkey.  (The donkey signifies peace as opposed to the significance of the war horse).  Note too that Jesus could have ridden the adult animal, but he chose to ride the unbroken colt – (Mark 11:2; Luke 19:30); if anyone else had tried this it might have been recorded as the first rodeo, but it demonstrates the Lord’s sovereignty ever over the animal world.

 

 

►The Psalmist foretold that the gospel would be preached to the Gentiles and that they would believe it, Psalms 18:49, also 117:1.  Likewise, Isaiah foretold it as well, in2 Samuel 22:50 and in Isaiah 11:1.  The fulfillment of these prophecies is demonstrated in Ephesians 2:11-22; in the case of Cornelius, (Acts chapter 10), in Romans 15:7-13, and other passages.

 

►That Christ would be betrayed by a friend is foretold in Psalms 41:9, and shown to be  fulfilled in Matthew 26:14-16; Luke 22:47-48; John 13:18 and 18:2-3.  Disloyalty, treachery, unfaithfulness and betrayal all are despicable traits on their own; but when carried out by a trusted friend they reach the ultimate insult.  Just six days earlier Mary the sister of Lazarus had poured a pound of very precious ointment called spikenard on Jesus; Judas made protest saying that this valuable cologne could have been sold for 300 pence ($132), ‘and given to the poor’.  As soon as they arrived in Jerusalem, it appears that Judas went to the chief priests and asked “what will you give me if I deliver him to you?”  Judas had just come from eating with Jesus when he led his enemies to him with the intent of identifying him to them so that they could arrest him and destroy him.  The saga of Judas and his betrayal of our Lord demonstrates that even though Jesus had divine foreknowledge of what Judas would do, he did not interfere in the course of events nor in the choices Judas would make.  It also demonstrates how that God uses the acts of man’s free will to accomplish His divine purposes by providence.

 

►That he would be sold for thirty pieces of silver is foretold in Zechariah 11:12-13, and fulfilled in Matthew 26:15 and Luke 22:6.  The scripture says that he bargained with them for thirty pieces of silver (about $52.80).  The amount was equal to the price to be paid for a slave gored by an ox, (Exodus 21:32), (a little over $50).  A slave pierced by the horns of an ox – Jesus was a servant who was pierced by the nails and spear of men.  That the coinage would be silver is a specific detail, as is the fact that the price was negotiated, just as foretold.  (See also Psalms 83:5).  The chief priests had been looking for a covert means of arresting Jesus because they wanted to avoid a riot, and Judas’ proposal to them proved a viable opportunity to take him in the dead of night, in a secluded location, led by one of his own followers.  The money to purchase Jesus came from the temple treasury, but when Judas attempted to return it the self-righteous chief priests wouldn’t have it because it was blood money.  Just as Zechariah prophesied, Judas threw the coins into the sanctuary of the temple – that structure which housed the holy place and the holy of holies.  Because he was not a member of the priesthood, Judas wouldn’t have been allowed to enter the inner court, so he must have advanced as close as he could and then threw the coins into the temple.  The temple authorities, unwilling to return the money to the treasury used it to purchase a cemetery plot known as the potter’s field.  This could have been a piece of real estate belonging to someone who made pottery and therefore was known as ‘the potter’; but was more likely it was a worthless piece of land where potters had obtained material for the clay to make their wares.  Clay dug directly from the earth is not suitable for making pottery; it must be mixed with certain types of soil and worked into a suitable medium.  Likely, this field was an area from which material for the making of pottery had been mined, and was no longer of any useful value.  A field of sufficient size to be used as a cemetery for the poor that could be purchased for such a small amount of money must surely have been in such a condition that it was virtually worthless for anything else.  The point of course is that Zechariah’s prophesy of the final disposition of the 30 pieces of silver is accurately fulfilled.

 

►Psalms 35:11 foretells his being accused by false witnesses, and we find that occurring in Matthew 26:57-60 and Mark 14:56-58.  After their cowardly arrest of Jesus the chief priests and elders scurried about in search of false evidence against him; and although they found many who were willing to commit perjury they needed at least two who would tell the same story, (Deuteronomy 17:6).   At last two were found who would testify that they heard Jesus say that he would destroy the temple and built it in three days.  Of course that’s not what he had said, his statement is recorded in John 2:19, then read John’s statements in verses 20-22.  How often we find examples of scripture taken out of context, twisted just a little, with just a small addition or omission to support false teaching – or false witness, in violation of the 9th commandment! 

 

►His silent response to his accusers is prophesied in Isaiah 53:7, and we see in Matthew 27:14 and Mark 15:4-5.  His accusers presented no proof of the charges they brought against him; both Herod and Pilate found him innocent of any crime.  It appears that even the slightest word in his own defense would have resulted in the case against him being thrown out of the Roman court --- but he opened not his mouth; knowing what would come, willingly laying down his life, (John 10:18).

 

►The demeaning treatment of our Lord by his enemies is foreseen in Isaiah 50:6, and we see it occurring in Matthew 26:67; Mark 14:65; 15:15-20; Luke 22:63; John 18:22; 19:3.  The mockery and humiliation was wicked, cruel and repeated.  There were at least a half dozen specific events recorded for us, 1) the High Priest's servants; 2) Herod Antipas and his soldiers; 3) the soldiers of the Roman garrison; 4) the general public; 5) priests and scribes; and (6) the two crucified thieves.  These things were much more than just man’s inhumanity to man, they were the work of Satan, who was relentless in his attempts to get Jesus to put a stop to these proceedings, to abandon his purpose thus delivering the souls of all mankind into his hands.

 

►In Psalms 35:19 we read of his enemies hating him without a cause.  Our Lord’s own words demonstrate this fulfillment in John 15:24-25.  Cain hated Abel because his works were righteous? Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing; Joseph's brothers hated him because his father loved him; Saul hated David because the Lord was with him; Ahab hated Micaiah because of his prophecies; the world hates righteousness.  Consider John 15:19 – Is it any wonder that we are commanded not to love the world, (1 John 2:15); and taught that friendship with the world is enmity with God, (James 4:4).

 

►The vicarious nature of Christ’s death is seen in Isaiah 53:4-6, {also the entire 22nd Psalm}; and taught in Romans 5:6-8.  The first time I heard the word vicarious I was about 8 or 9 years old, but I remember well Brother Rex Turner preaching a sermon on the subject.  No, I don’t remember much of what he said, but the word made a lasting impression on me as I grew to understand what it means.  It means to take the place of another, to act as a substitute; it means that Jesus willingly received the punishment which I justly deserve because of my sins, and in doing so He paid the price that I could not pay, thus redeeming my soul and giving me salvation through obedience to Him, by the grace of God. 

          The vicarious death of Christ is at the center of man’s salvation; it was necessary because of man’s sin, and man could not be reconciled to God without it. 

Without the vicarious nature of Christ’s death neither faith, repentance, confession nor baptism would be of any value.  Certainly we cannot be saved without those things, but those are the steps of obedience by which we accept the free gift of his love.  Was the death of Christ really necessary?  Could God not have just spoken a universal reprieve from the guilt of sin for all mankind and saved all people by acclamation?  That would be contrary to His divine nature.  The righteousness and justice of God demands that sin be recompensed; it requires that the price of guilt be paid, (Romans 6:23).  Over and over again in the Old Testament God has demonstrated that sin separated man from Him.  Bert Thompson has said that salvation is by atonement, not by attainment; there is nothing we can do to merit it, because it is a free gift, (Romans 6:23).  It is not within the ability of mankind to make adequate payment for our sins, we deserve death, and even that is not sufficient.  Forasmuch as ye know that ye were not redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from your vain conversation received by tradition from your fathers;  But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot:  Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you,   Who by him do believe in God, that raised him up from the dead, and gave him glory; that your faith and hope might be in God.  Seeing ye have purified your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit unto unfeigned love of the brethren, see that ye love one another with a pure heart fervently:  Being born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God, which liveth and abideth forever,”  1 Peter 1:18-23.

          Paul wrote: “For ye were bought with a price” (1 Corinthians 6:20). Let us thank God for granting us mercy and grace—and for paying the debt we could not pay, and the debt He did not owe.

 

►That he would feel forsaken by God, Psalms 22:1; given utterance in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34.  This expression indicates intense suffering; the humanity of Christ is visible here.  Had God forsaken him?  At that moment in time God turned His divine face away, (Matthew 27:45; Mark 15:33; Luke 23:44).  Isaiah 59:2 teaches us that sin causes God’s face to be hidden from us.  As the symbol of the scapegoat we find in Leviticus the 16th chapter, Jesus had taken upon himself the sins of all mankind and made himself the sin offering once and for all time for every person.  Read Leviticus 16:5-10; 20-22.  This is a very interesting account; the Hebrew word azazel, translated ‘scapegoat’ appears in this chapter and nowhere else in the holy scriptures.  From this account we gain a better understanding of Christ’s sacrifice for us.  A single animal could not fully represent the symbolism shown here to demonstrate how that Jesus would bear the sins of mankind, because there is atonement which transcends death.  Just as the high priest must present the blood of the sin offering before the throne of God, Jesus was that offering and he made that presentation for us in Heaven.  So, just as the scapegoat symbolically had all the transgressions, sins and iniquities placed upon him, so Jesus had all of our sins, transgressions and iniquities placed upon him…and thus it was that for that moment in time he was separated from God.  Galatians 3:14; 2 Corinthians 5:21.

 

►That he would die with criminals is foretold by Isaiah in 53:12; and fulfilled in Matthew 27:38; Mark 15:27-28; Luke 23:32-33 and John 19:18.  This was more than just an act of contempt perpetrated against Jesus by the Romans, (remember, the Romans hated the Jews and would seize any opportunity to humiliate them); His treatment as a criminal began in the garden, (Matthew 26:55).  That they executed to others with him was in strict violation of the Jewish law; (just one more of many).  If this was ordered by Pilate it could have been a means of making Jesus’ execution take on the appearance of being legal, especially since he had been declared innocent by both Herod and by Pilate.  On the other hand, it could have been done at the urging of the Jewish leaders to make Jesus appear to be a criminal on one hand, and to further humiliate him on the other.

 

►That his body would be pierced – Zechariah 12:10, is fulfilled in John 19:34.  This act provided incontrovertible proof that Jesus was indeed dead.  He had not merely fainted from his ordeal, nor would have it had been possible for a body drained of its vital fluids to revive to life.  Such a stab by a Roman spear would have been fatal of itself, had our Lord not been already dead.  That there flowed out blood and water indicates that the pericardium was pierced, (that’s the membrane of fluid surrounding the heart); and the point of the spear must have also pierced one of the ventricles of the heart resulting in the flow of blood and water as observed by John. That the blood of Christ and that water both serve a purpose in our salvation is pointed out in 1 John 5:8.  In Matthew 26:28 and Mark 14:24 we have the words of our Lord recorded in which he states that his blood is shed for many for he remission of sins.

 

►That vinegar and gall would be offered him is foretold in Psalms 69:21, and has its fulfillment in Matthew 27:34, 48; and Mark 15:23.  The vinegar was actually sour wine, and mixed with it would have been a small amount of Myrrh – a derivative of a small tree that grows almost exclusively in Africa; the extract is a very bitter substance with a pleasing aroma, but also effective in helping the brain to block out reality, and frequently used in burial, (John 19:39).  Proverbs 31:6 denotes the practice of giving strong drink to those about to suffer.  Our Lord refused this mild anesthetic, intending to suffer fully the punishment that we each deserve for our sins.

 

►That men would gamble for his clothing is foretold in Psalms 22:17-18, and seen in Matthew 27:35-36; Mark 15:24; Luke 23:34; John 19:23-24. Josephus says that the coat of the high priest was one long vestment, so woven as to have an aperture for the neck and hands.  According to John 19:23 the Lord Jesus, the great High Priest of all mankind, had also a coat made in a similar manner.  See Exodus 39:22.

 

►The Psalmist foretold that none of his bones would be broken, Psalms 34:20.  We see this fulfilled in John 19:32-36.  The law in Deuteronomy 21:22-23 required that those crucified not be left hanging overnight.  Even though they had violated a great number of their own laws in the way they went about arresting, trying, convicting and condemning Jesus, they showed great concern over public infringement of certain other laws and traditions. 

 

►Isaiah foretold that he would be buried with the rich, Isaiah 53:9.  Matthew 27:57-60; Mark 15:42-43; Luke 23:50-51 and John 19:38-42 all record the fulfillment of this.  A man named Joseph, a secret follower of Jesus, came forward – indeed Mark says that he went in boldly to Pilate.  This act required one who was willing to completely abandon all considerations of personal safety, status and position in order to fulfill this important role.  Joseph.  It was one named Joseph whom God raised up in Egypt to save His people from famine; one named Joseph who provided protection from the hatred of Herod for the baby Jesus; and now one who would see to the details of his physical remains. 

Joseph lived in Arimathea, a town located about 40 miles north-northeast of Jerusalem.  Eusebius identifies the locale with the birthplace of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:19).  Luke mentions that Joseph was a good man; truly a high compliment.  The Bible tells us that Joseph was rich in worldly goods, he was highly respected among his peers and well connected politically.  His social standing in the capitol was one of unusual elevation.  He was a believer in Christ, a secret disciple, yet now he was willing to risk everything he had in the world by asking to be allowed to bury the body of Christ.  Joseph was joined in this act by Nicodemus, who was also well to do and had high standing in the community, but he had also been a secret disciple of our Lord.  {The accounts of the early morning mock trial by the Sanhedrin would appear that the condemnation of Jesus was unanimous – and such may well have been the case, with Joseph and Nicodemus not in attendance.}   

          The risk they took with their social, political and economic standing – indeed with their very lives, was great; but that was not all, they also forfeited thei